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Hiligaynon language
Hiligaynon Ilonggo
Spoken in: Philippines
Region: Visayas
Total speakers: first language: 7 million
second language: 4 million (est.)
Hiligaynon (or "Ilonggo") is an Austronesian language
spoken in Western Visayas in the Philippines. Hiligaynon
is concentrated in the provinces of Iloilo and Negros
Occidental. It is also spoken in the other provinces of
the Panay Island group, such as Capiz, Antique, Aklan,
Guimaras, and many parts of Mindanao like Koronadal
City, South Cotabato and Sultan Kudarat (It is spoken as
a second language by Karay-a in Antique, Aklanon and
Malaynon in Aklan, Cebuano in Siquijor, and Capiznon in
Capiz.). There are approximately 7,000,000 people in and
outside the Philippines who are native speakers of
Hiligaynon, and an additional 4,000,000 who are capable
of speaking it with a substantial degree of proficiency.
It is a member of the Visayan
language family.
The language is referred to as "Ilonggo" in Negros
Occidental and in Iloilo. More precisely, "Ilonggo" is
an ethnoliguistic group referring to the people living
in Panay and the culture associated with the people
speaking Hiligaynon. The boundaries of the dialect
called Ilonggo and that called Hiligaynon are unclear.
The disagreement of where what name is correct extends
to Philippine language specialists and native laymen.
Alphabet
|
The
1st to 10th letters |
| Symbol |
A a |
B b |
K k |
D d |
E e |
G g |
H h |
I i |
L l |
M m |
| Name |
a |
ba |
ka |
da |
e |
ga |
ha |
i |
la |
ma |
| Pronounce |
[a/ə] |
[aw] |
[aj] |
[b] |
[k] |
[d] |
[ɛ/e] |
[g] |
[h] |
[I/i] |
[IO] |
[l] |
[m] |
| in context |
a |
aw/ao |
ay |
b |
k |
d |
e |
g |
h |
i |
iw/io |
l |
m |
|
The
11th to 20th letters |
| Symbol |
N n |
Ng ng |
O o |
P p |
R r |
S s |
T t |
U u |
W w |
Y y |
| Name |
na |
nga |
o |
pa |
ra |
sa |
ta |
u |
wa |
ya |
| Pronounce |
[n] |
[ŋ] |
[ɔ/o] |
[oj] |
[p] |
[r] |
[s] |
[ʃʲ] |
[t] |
[ʊ/u] |
[w] |
[w] |
[j] |
| in context |
n |
ng |
o |
oy |
p |
r |
s |
sy |
t |
u |
ua |
w |
y |
Copula
Hiligaynon lacks the marker of sentence inversion "ay"
of Tagalog/Filipino or "hay" of Akeanon. Instead
sentences in SV form (Filipino: Di karaniwang anyo) are
written without any marker or copula.
Examples:
"Si Inday ay maganda" (Tagalog)
"Si Inday matahum" (Hiligaynon)
"Inday is beautiful" (English)
There is no direct translation for the English copula
"to be" in Hiligaynon. However, the prefixes mangin- and
nangin- may be used to mean will be and became,
respectively.
Example:
Manámî mangin manggaranon
"It is nice to become rich"
The Spanish copula "estar" (to be) has also become a
part of the Hiligaynon lexicon. It's meaning and
pronounciation have become corrupted. In Hiligaynon it
is pronounced as "istar" and means "to live (in)/location"(Compare
with the Hiligaynon word "puyo").
Example:
Nagaistar ako sa tabuc suba
"I live in tabuc suba" "tabuc suba" translates to "other
side of the river"
[edit] Existential
To indicate the existence of an object, the word may is
used.
Example:
May idô (a)ko
"I have a dog"
Hiligaynon Linkers
When an adjective modifies a noun, the linker nga links
the two.
Example:
Itom nga ido
Black dog
Sometimes, if the linker is preceeded by a word that end
in a vowel, glottal stop or the letter N, it becomes
acceptable to contract it into -ng, as in Filipino. This
is often used to make the words sound more poetic or to
reduce the number of syllables. Sometimes the meaning
may change as in maayo nga aga and maayong aga. The
first meaning: (the) good morning; while the other is
the greeting for 'good morning'.
The linker ka is used if a number modifies a noun.
Example:
Anum ka ido
six dogs
Interrogative words
The interrogative words of Hiligaynon are as follows:
diin, san-o, sin-o, nga-a, kamusta, ano, and pila
Diin means where.
Example:
Diin ka na?
"Where are you now?"
A derivation of diin, tagadiin, is used to inquire the
birthplace or hometown of the listener.
Example:
Tagadiin ka?
"Where are you from?"
San-o means when
Example:
San-o inâ?
"When is that?"
Sin-o means who
Example:
Sin-o imo abyan?
"Who is your friend?"
Nga-a means why
Example:
Nga-a indi ka magkadto?
"Why won't you go?"
Kamusta means how, as in "How are you?"
Example:
Kamusta ang tindahan?
"How is the store?"
Ano means what
Example:
Ano ang imo ginabasa?
"What are you reading?"
A derivative of ano, paano, means how, as in "How do I
do that?"
Example:
Paano ko makapulî?
"How can I get home?"
A derivative of paano is paanoano an archaic phrase
which can be compared with kamusta
Example:
Paanoano ikaw?
"How art thou?"
Pila means how much/how many
Example:
Pila ang maupod sa imo?
"How many are with you?"
A derivative of pila, ikapila, asks the numerical order
of the person, as in, "What place were you born in your
family?"(first-born, second-born, etc.) This word is
notoriously difficult to translate into English, as
English has no equivalent.
Example:
Ikapila ka sa inyo pamilya?
"What place were you born into your family?"
Sounds
Hiligaynon has sixteen consonants: p, t, k, b, d, g, m,
n, ng, s, h, w, l, r and y. There are three main vowels:
[a], [ɛ]/[i], and [o]/[ʊ]. [i] and [ɛ] (both spelled i)
were allophones, where [i] in the beginning and middle
and sometimes final syllables and [ɛ] in final
syllables. The vowels [ʊ] and [o] were allophones, with
[ʊ] always being used when it is the beginning of a
syllable, and [o] always used when it ends a syllable.
Consonants [d] and [ɾ] were once allophones but cannot
interchange, like patawaron (to forgive) [from patawad,
forgiveness] but not patawadon and tagadiín (from where)
[from diín, where] but not tagariín.
Loan words
Hiligaynon has a large number of words that derive from
Spanish words including nouns (e.g., santo from santo,
saint), adjectives (e.g., berde from verde, green),
prepositions (e.g., antes from antes, before), and
conjunctions (e.g., pero from pero, but). Moreover,
Spanish provides the Ilonggo base for items introduced
by Spain, e.g., barco (barco, ship), sapatos (zapatos,
shoes), kutsilyo (cuchillo, knife), cuchara (spoon),
tenedor (fork), plato (plate), camiseta (shirt), and
cambio (change).
Spanish verbs used in Hiligaynon often remain
unconjugated (have the verb endings -ar, -er or -ir)
which in Filipino would be conjugated in the 'tú' form,
e.g., komparar, mandar, pasar, tener, disponer, mantener,
and asistir.
Examples
Numbers
Number Hiligaynon
1 Isá
2 Duhá
3 Tatlo
4 Apat
5 Limá
6 Anum
7 Pitó
8 Waló
9 Siyám
10 Púlô
100 Gatús
1000 Libó
Days of the week
The names of the days of the week are derived from their
Spanish equivalents.
Day Adlaw
Sunday Domingo
Monday Lunes
Tuesday Martes
Wednesday Miyerkoles
Thursday Huwebes
Friday Biyernes
Saturday Sabadó
Months of the year
The first set of Hiligaynon names of the months are
derived from Spanish.
Month Bulan
January Enero; ulalong
February Pebrero; dagangkahoy
March Marso; dagangbulan
April Abril; kiling
May Mayo; himabuyan
June Hunio; kabay
July Hulyo; hidapdapan
August Agosto; lubad-lubad
September Septiyembre; kangurolsol
October Oktubre; bagyo-bagyo
November Nobiyembre; panglot-diotay
December Disiyembre; panglot-daku
Quick phrases
English Hiligaynon
Yes. Hu-o.
No. Indî.
Thank you. Salamat.
Sorry. Pasensya/Pasaylo.
Help! Bulig! / Tabang!
Delicious! Namit!
Take care. Halong.
Are you mad? Akig ka?
I don't know. Ambot.
That's wonderful! Námì-námì man (i)nâ!
Greetings, friends and lovers
English Hiligaynon
Good morning. Maayong aga.
Good noon. Maayong udto.
Good afternoon. Maayong hapon.
Good evening. Maayong gab-i.
How are you? Kumusta ka?/Kamusta ikaw?
I'm fine. Maayo man.
I am fine, how about you? Maayo man, ikaw iya?
How old are you? Pila na ang edad nimo?/Ano ang edad mo?
I am 25 years old. Beinte singko anyos na (a)ko./ Duha
ka pulo kag lima ka tuig na (a)ko.
I am John. Ako si John./Si John ako.
What is your name? Ano imo ngalan?/ Ano ngalan (ni)mo?
I love you. Palangga ta ka.
Thank you very much. Salamat gid.
This, that, and whatnot...
English Hiligaynon
What is this? Ano (i)ni?
This is a sheet of paper. Isa ni ka panid sang papel./Isa
ka panid ka papel ini.
What is that? Ano (i)nâ?
That is a book. Libro (i)nâ.
What will you do? Ano ang himu-on (ni)mo? / Ano ang
buhaton (ni)mo?
What are you doing? Ano ang ginahimo (ni)mo?
I don't know. Ambut
Space and time
English Hiligaynon
Where shall we go? Diin kita makadto?
Where are we going? Diin kita pakadto?
Where are you going? (Sa) diin ka makadto?
We shall go to Bacolod. Makadto kita sa Bacolod.
I am going home. Mapa-uli na ko (sa balay).
Where do you live? Diin ka naga-istar?/Diin ka na-
gapuyô?
Where did you come from? (Where have you just been?)
Diin ka nag halin?
Have you been here long? Dugay ka na diri?
(To the) left. (Sa) wala.
(To the) right. (Sa) tuô.
What time is it? Ano('ng) takna na?/Ano('ng) horas na?
It's ten o'clock. Alas diyes na.
What time is it now? Ano ang horas subong?
The marketplace
English Hiligaynon
May I buy? Pwede ko kabakal?
How much is this? Tag-pila ini?
How much is this/that? Tagpilá iní/inâ?
The Lord's Prayer
Amay namon, nga yara ka sa mga langit
Pagdayawon ang imo ngalan
Umabot sa amon ang imo ginharian
Matuman ang imo buot
Diri sa duta subong sang sa langit
Hatagan mo kami nain sing kan-on namon
Sa matag-adlaw
Kag ipatawad mo ang mga utang namon
Subong nga ginapatawad namon ang nakautang sa amon
Kag dili mo kami nga ipagpadaug sa mga panulay
Hinunuo luwason mo kami sa kalaut
Amen.
Ang Bukid Nga Nagpalangga Sang
Pispis
Ang Bukid Nga Nagpalangga Sang Pispis is a fully
illustrated, colored children's picture book. The
original story is "The Mountain That Loved A Bird", by
Alice McLerran. Originally published in the United
States with illustrations by Eric Carle, the story has
been translated to Hiligaynon by Genevieve L. Asenjo and
illustrated with new art by Beaulah Pedregosa Taguiwalo
drawn from the landscapes of the Philippines.
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